（一）、英语十遍阅读法
对于英语学习者而言，阅读中存在着诸多问题。为了应对各种考试而阅读者有之，这些人仅仅满足于在客观题的四个选项中找对答案，有时连自己也不清楚究竟学到了什么。单纯为了学习而阅读者有之。遗憾的是，为数众多的人往往饱受阅读之苦，而享受阅读乐趣、从阅读中获益者少之又少。其原因何在？不同的人或许有不同的情况。有些人缺乏目的，对任何英语材料只是简单地浏览，浮光掠影，浅尝辄止，仅此而已，尽管对阅读常有接触，但感觉仍所获寥寥。另有些人阅读方法不当。他们每读一篇文章的同时，逢词必查，结果读书的过程完全演变成查词典的过程，文章读得支离破碎，索然寡味，趣味尽失，即使回头重读，也是简单重复，没有更大的收获，就像希腊神话中的西西弗斯，竭尽全力推巨石上山，但永远做的是周而复始、徒劳无益的工作。许多人因此感到，与其如此，还不如去背词典来得直接。这种阅读方式既苦不堪言，也无法坚持下去。有人提倡整篇英语文章的背诵，一、二百词的短小篇目倒是不在话下，但稍长一些就无能为力了。况且，不以理解为基础的记忆最终也无济于事。
成功的阅读首先在于材料的挑选。应该明白，英语阅读不应过于随意，要有一定的选择性。其重要标准有两条：一是时代性，最好阅读当代的英语文章。语言随着时代的发展处于不断的变化更新之中，真正学好英语就要跟上英语语言发展的脚步。二是难度适中，如果语言过于艰涩，会严重影响阅读的正常进程，文字过于简单，则失去学习的目的。It pays to read actively, intelligently and selectively. （积极、聪明、有选择的阅读不吃亏。） 学习者可以利用各种资源，自选文章，自编阅读教材。文章应以英语时文为主，如报刊文章。因为时文所使用的语言具有时代特色，是鲜活的语言。如果每周坚持阅读一篇，一年则可以积累成一册。有机会重拾再读，温故知新。只有创造机会接触当代英语（expose yourself to contemporary English），学习才真正具有价值。
阅读只有目的明确才能读有所获。英语阅读其目的何在？如果把英语阅读仅仅当作取得信息的渠道，则远远没有发挥其潜在的巨大功能。如果学习者把阅读更多地看成学习英语语言的手段，则阅读所产生的效果将大为不同。应该说，What we profit from reading is more than reading.（阅读所得远远超出阅读本身。） 学习者应处理好语言输入和输出的关系。众所周知，输入是输出的基础，没有足够的输入，就不可能有流畅的输出。阅读是英语输入最重要的环节。如果能加以有效开发和利用，则可以直接促进和突破英语表达和翻译等语言输出环节。果真如此，学好英语指日可待。
To make the best use of reading is to make reading part of you.（充分利用阅读就是使阅读成为你的一部分。）如何使阅读充分为我所用，内化为自己的语言知识和技能，是英语学习者普遍存在的困惑。为此我在这里向广大英语学习者强烈推介一种全新的阅读理念：英语十遍阅读法，旨在帮助大家找准英语学习的切入点，走出英语阅读的困境，实现从理解到表达的飞跃。这种阅读方法可以有效地把培养阅读技能和获取语言知识相结合，把阅读理解和英语表达相联系，从而以阅读为手段，取得最大的学习效果，其意义超越了阅读本身。
总体说来，十遍阅读法可以分为五个层次，每一遍都有极强的目的性，都有各自的侧重点。第一遍阅读重在训练阅读速度和理解能力；第二到第五遍从词语角度学习文章；第六到第七遍从句子层面进行突破；第八遍着重研究段落；最后两遍的阅读在篇章方面总体把握文章。十遍过后，我们才真正把文章学精、学透、学尽、学活。下面我们以 Self-Help Pioneer Dale Carnegie 这篇文章作为范例，阐述十遍阅读法的具体运用。

Self-help Pioneer Dale Carnegie
He Won Friends And Influenced Many People
If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep-your-chin-up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888?1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he’d ever tried, professionally and personally.
He never graduated from college. He tried careers in farming, teaching, salesmanship, acting, journalism and novel writing; all flopped. His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce. He lost most of his savings in the stock market crash of 1929.
His failures often left him depressed. Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people. What exactly did they do? What were their methods?
Carnegie decided it was simple self-confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
That wasn’t easy for him, either. Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages. His training courses continue to thrive nationwide, having taught more than 7 million people.
Success at self-help was something he had to work at hard and learn as much as anyone else.
Great Role Models
So he looked to those he most admired. His most famous books rely on quotations from and stories about Abe Lincoln, Benjamin Franklin and other wise figures.
“I realize now that healthy people don’t write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don’t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to study the subject for the good of my soul.” Carnegie said in 1937.
At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, making it one of the most purchased books of the 20th century.
Carnegie was born in rural Missouri. His real name was Dale Carnagey. Despite rumors, he wasn’t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
He grew up in grinding poverty. He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down-home ways.
“I worried for fear girls would laugh at me if I tipped my hat to them.” he wrote in How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, his other bestseller.
The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement. It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words. Carnegie began practicing, lecturing the livestock in his father’s barn for hours on the subjects of the day.
To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school. The first time out, he lost. He lost the second time, too, and several other attempts after that.
But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won. Other victories followed, and soon he built up enough confidence to hold forth on any topic.
Confronting Fears
Carnegie’s experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
It was a lesson he needed.
Carnegie’s first jobs were as a traveling salesman. He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work, the hardest part being interacting with people and convincing them to buy his stuff. Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
It was the same thing with his brief acting career. Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers?and make it convincing. Journalism and novel writing were similar?above all, he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.
That can’t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn’t believe what he’s saying. Self-confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job. It didn’t think Carnegie’s course was worth the $2-a-night salary he requested. To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
The essence of Carnegie’s job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking. Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
“The way to develop self-confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you.” wrote Lowell Thomas, a friend of Carnegie’s, in the original introduction of How to Win Friends and Influence People.
Carnegie’s books evolved from the speaking courses he taught. He collected the tales, anecdotes and aphorisms he used in a single volume. He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
1.第一遍阅读：通篇快速浏览，捕捉全文大意
第一遍阅读的目的在于获取文章的主要信息，提高阅读效率，所以在阅读过程中，要抛开词典，保持阅读的连贯性和完整性。我们可以用大致十分钟的时间完成该文章的快速阅读，捕捉内容大意。这是一篇关于戴尔?卡耐基的成功历程的短文。他体验过早年事业和个人生活的种种挫折，找到成功人士成功的关键，即自信，然后自强不息，百折不回，克服自身性格中的弱点，逐步成为演讲教师，著书立说。在这一遍阅读中，一定会遇到一些语言障碍，包括陌生的词汇和生疏的表达，但要尽量避免因词害义。总之，第一遍阅读的要点是忽略细节，着眼总体。对于语言障碍，可以根据上下文语境进行猜测和推断。对文章逐层深入的理解有待于后面的步骤。
2.第二遍阅读：总结形容词与名词的搭配
二到五遍是从词的伙伴关系层面加以把握，超越传统的模式，即超越把单词作为孤立的语言单位进行记忆和学习的模式。在英语学习中，最有效的语言单位不是单词，而是由单词搭配而构成的词组、短语。You don’t truly know a word until you have a clear idea of its partnership. （弄清词的伙伴关系之前你是无法真正了解一个词的含义的。）学习者们之所以往往感到大量掌握单词之后仍然在口语和书面表达中不会灵活使用，根本原因就在于学习时忽略了词语之间内在的伙伴关系，没有掌握单词的具体用法。英文词语之间的搭配潜力无穷、灵活多变，只有留意观察，才能确实掌握，才能达到灵活运用的境界。否则，任凭机械记忆，背下再多的单词也是徒劳。
英语中的形容词表意功能极强，而且数量丰富。一方面，同一个形容词往往可以修饰许多不同的名词，表达完全不同的含义，如heavy，它的词义远不止“沉重的”，仅举几个搭配为例：heavy news（令人忧虑的消息），heavy fighting（激战），heavy demand（苛求），heavy fate（悲惨的命运），heavy schedule（排得很紧的日程表），heavy casualties（惨重的伤亡），heavy applause（热烈的鼓掌）等。另一方面，不同的形容词可以修饰同一个名词，传达类似的含义，如表达“浓厚的兴趣”，习惯上great， active，lively，deep，keen，intense，enormous等都可以和interest构成搭配。如果在阅读中注意积累，必将极大地丰富我们的积极词汇。
下面是例文中关于形容词与名词的精彩搭配：
① His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
 bitter divorce ：痛苦的离异
②He grew up in grinding poverty.
 grinding poverty ：极度贫困
③ He was painfully shy because of his shabby clothes and down-home ways.
 shabby clothes ：破破烂烂的衣服
 down-home ways ：土里土气的样子
④ Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
 strong words：激昂的文字
3.第三遍阅读：总结动词与名词的搭配
动宾搭配明显地体现出英语约定俗成的特点，如同样表示“提高”，不同的名词和不同的动词互相匹配：develop a skill（提高技能），raise the standard（提高水平），enhance reputation（提高声誉）。此外，在英语的所有词性中，动词最为活跃，大量的动词具有强大的伙伴关系和组词功能，如kill: kill time（消磨时间），kill pain（止痛），kill the cigarette（掐灭香烟），kill the resolution（撤销决议），kill a news story（搁置一则新闻报道）。
下面是本文中有关动词与名词的搭配总结：
① Carnegie decided it was simple self-confidence. All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
 build up and reinforce self-confidence ：树立并增强自信
② He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
 compile observations ：将观察结果写成书
③ Carnegie was an intensely shy man who never completely overcame his own fear of public speaking.
 overcome fear ：克服恐惧
④ The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
encounter the movement ：偶然遇到这场运动
⑤ It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
 prompt spiritual health ：促进精神健康
⑥ Carnegie noticed the ability of the Chautauqua lecturers to enthrall crowds with their strong words.
 enthrall crowds ：迷住听众，征服听众
⑦ To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
 test one’s public mettle ：考验某人面对公众的勇气
 enter debate contests ：参加辩论竞赛
⑧ To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
 strike a deal ：达成协议
⑨ The essence of Carnegie’s job was getting his students to confront their fears of public speaking.
 confront one’s fears ：勇敢地面对恐惧
 The way to develop self-confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do ...
 develop self-confidence ：培养自信
4.第四遍阅读：总结大副词与动词、形容词的搭配
大副词主要指表示方式和程度的副词。英语学习者普遍不善于使用大副词。英语副词具有语意丰富的特点，副词的使用往往会使文字言简意赅，增强表达力度，试体会：follow willy-nilly（愿意也好不愿意也罢，只能照办），frighteningly evident（明显到令人吃惊的地步），可见学会把握这类词语的伙伴关系对提高英语表达能力意义有多么重大。
下面是例文中重要的相关搭配：
(1) 动词+大副词
① ...the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he’d ever tried, professionally and personally.
fail professionally and personally ： 在做人和做事方面都未成功
② All it needed was to be built up and constantly reinforced.
 constantly reinforce ：不断增强
(2) 形容词+大副词
① Carnegie was an intensely shy man ...
 intensely shy ：极为羞怯的
② He was painfully shy ...
 painfully shy ：令人难堪的腼腆
5.第五遍阅读：查找带介词的短语
介词在英语中的使用频率极高，因此英语被称为介词的语言。相比之下，汉语则少用介词。介词在词汇之间起着纽带的作用。大部分英语介词在实际应用中体现出约定俗成、固定搭配的特点，如suburbs和outskirts词义相近，但前者和in搭配，后者则和on搭配。介词是英语学习中的拦路虎，学习者在表达时经常出现误用的情况。将介词纳入阅读任务之一，在词语的伙伴关系中学习介词不仅非常必要，而且效果十分明显。
本篇英文中各类词性与介词的习惯搭配有：
(1) 动词+介词
① ...the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he’d ever tried,...
 fail at：在……方面失败
② His first marriage ended in a bitter divorce.
 end in ：以……告终
③ He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
interact with ：和……交往
④ Success at self-help was something he had to work at hard ...
 work at ：对……下功夫，致力于
⑤ So he looked to those he most admired.
 look to ：依靠，指望
⑥ His most famous books rely on quotations ...
 rely on ：依赖
⑦ Carnegie’s books evolved from the speaking courses he taught.
 evolve from ：从……发展而成
(2) 名词+介词（或介词+名词）
① Success at self-help was something he had to work at hard ...
 success at ：在……方面的成功
② He grew up in grinding poverty.
 in poverty ：在贫困之中
③ I worried for fear girls would laugh at me ...
 for fear ：生怕
④ ..., he struck a deal to work on commission.
 on commission ：抽取佣金
⑤ He wrote them in part because there were no other books he could rely on.
 in part ：部分地
(3) 形容词+介词
① Despite rumors, he wasn’t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
 related to ：和……有亲缘关系的
② The YMCA was hesitant about giving him the job.
  hesitant about ：不情愿的
6.第六遍阅读：体会英文语序，注意英汉比较
语序分为词法和句法两个方面，英汉两种语言在这两个方面均存在显著差异。如在词法方面，几个形容词共同修饰同一个名词，英文有较严格的规定，一般规律是主观描述性的形容词在先，表明客观性质的形容词在后，体现出英文思维先主体，后客体的特点。英汉词序错位的表达比比皆是，这是不同的语言表达习惯导致的结果，如back and forth（来来回回），black and white（白纸黑字），flesh and blood（血肉之躯），joys and sorrows（苦乐悲喜），weal and woe（祸福甘苦）。在句法方面，英汉语序的差别更为明显，总体规律是，英语语义重心多在前，汉语语义重心常在后，比如定语从句要处于中心词之后，翻译成汉语则往往置于中心词之前（详细的陈述参见本书第二部分第四小节）。
现摘录文章中的一些典型表达，试比较英语与汉语的语序差异：
(1) 词法方面
..., the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he’d ever tried, professionally and personally.
比较：在做人和做事方面
(2) 句法方面
① The turning point in his life came when Carnegie encountered the Chautauqua movement.
 比较：当卡耐基偶然碰上肖托夸夏季教育集会运动，他人生的转折点出现了。
② That can’t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn’t believe what he’s saying.
 比较：如果劝说别人的人连自己说的话都不相信，你是无法打动人的。
7.第七遍阅读：研究句子开端，追求表达变化
优秀的英语句子错落有致，形式多变。写好英语句子，关键在于如何起笔。有的学习者写作文，通篇的句子都以指人的名词或代词做主语，写出的文章枯燥呆板，缺乏活力。如表达“我想到了一个绝妙的主意”，很多人只会写 “I thought of a smart idea. ”殊不知，如果用指事的名词做主语，写成 “A smart idea occurred to me.” 效果更好。学会句子如何开头，可以有效地避免表达的单调乏味，平铺直叙，增加句子形式上的变化和语言的感染力。只要在阅读中多加留意，善于总结，就会发现英语句子开头的写作手段多种多样，不拘一格。句子的开端部分可以是形式代词、主语从句、介词短语、状语从句、非谓语动词、承上启下的连接词，不一而足。
这篇英文中句子开头有特色的如：
(1) 形式代词开头
① It was a late 19th century religious movement that prompted spiritual health through adult education.
 正是19世纪末的一场宗教运动通过成年教育促进了精神健康。
② It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
 他短暂的演艺生涯情况也是如此。
(2) 介词短语开头
Despite rumors, he wasn’t related to steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
尽管有传闻，他和钢铁巨头安德鲁?卡耐基并无亲缘关系。
(3) 非谓语动词开头
① To test his public mettle, he then entered debate contests in school.
 为了考验他面对公众的勇气，他参加了学校的辩论比赛。
② To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission.
 为了说服基督教青年会的官员，他与他们达成协议，干活只拿佣金。
(4) 时间状语开头
① Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers?and make it convincing.
每天晚上，他都必须为一群素不相识的人表演同样的节目??并且要使演出具有说服力。
② Night after night, he simply made his students talk.
 一个晚上接一个晚上，他只是让学生们说个不停。
(5) 状语从句开头
① If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep-your-chin-up advice of Dale Carnegie (1888?1955), it was Dale Carnegie.
如果曾经有人一事无成，需要戴尔?卡耐基的鼓励和忠告，那个人就是当初的戴尔.卡耐基。
② Until he published How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, the founding guru of the self-help movement had failed at almost everything he’d ever tried, professionally and personally.
 直到1936年出版《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》，这位自助运动的先驱几乎做什么都一败涂地，无论是做人还是做事。
8.第八遍阅读：透析句子之间联系，学会运用衔接手段
英语句子之间除了内在的逻辑联系之外，还十分注重外在形式上的各种衔接，因为英语不同于汉语，它是一种形合的语言。概括起来，句子之间的衔接手段有三大类：代词衔接，即使用代词作为衔接手段；时间衔接，即使用表示时间的词语作为衔接手段；逻辑关系词语衔接，即使用表示因果、转折、递进、类似等关系的连接词语作为衔接手段。
例文中句子的衔接手段有以下三种：
(1) 代词衔接
① He sold everything from correspondence courses to hog lard. It was hard work.
他什么都推销过，从函授课程到猪油，这工作很不容易。
② He lost the second time, too, and several other at tempts after that.
第二次他又失败了，此后的几次尝试还是失败。
(2) 时间衔接
① He studied the subject for years and later compiled his observations into his classic book about speaking and interacting with people.
这个问题他研究了多年，后来把自己的观察结果写成了他那本关于演讲和与人交往的经典著作。
② To persuade YMCA officials, he struck a deal to work on commission. Soon he was pulling in $30 a night.
 为了说服基督教青年会的官员，他与他们达成协议，干活只拿佣金。很快他就能赚到一晚30美元。
(3)逻辑关系词语衔接
① Once he was even suicidal. But his failures made him fascinated with successful people.
 他甚至一度想过轻生。但是失败让他对成功人士产生了强烈兴趣。
② It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don’t write books on How to Win Friends and Influence People.
只有疾病缠身的人才关注健康。同样地，天生善于为人处世的人不会写《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》这样的书。
9.第九遍阅读：把握段落过渡手段，领会文章严谨布局
两个段落之间，往往有起承上启下、起承转合作用的词语，使上下段落的过渡自然流畅，也使上下文衔接紧密。有些英语学习者虽有段落过渡意识，但缺乏语言手段，比如只会套用firstly, secondly, thirdly或者in the first place, in the second place, in the final analysis这样的固定模式，使文章结构显得生硬刻板。最好的方式是在阅读中注意积累，在写作中刻意模仿。与句子之间的衔接手段类似，段落之间的过渡手段主要包括代词过渡、时间词语过渡和逻辑关系词语过渡，此外，还有其他一些手段，如定冠词过渡、形容词过渡等。
(1) 代词过渡　
① That wasn’t easy for him, either.
 （That指代上段情 况。）
 那件事对他来说也不容易。
② That can’t be done if the person trying to do the convincing doesn’t believe what he’s saying.
 （That指代上段的“he had to make his audience interested in what he had to say.”）
 如果劝说别人的人连自己的话都不相信，你是无法打动人的。
(2) 时间词语过渡　
① At least 15 million copies of the book have been sold since then, ...
 （Then指上段末尾处的1937年。）
 从那以后，他的书至少卖了1500万册，……
② Eventually, he got a job at the YMCA teaching the one thing he knew he could do: public speaking.
 最终，他在基督教青年会得到一份工作，讲授他知道他唯一能做的一件事：公众演说。
(3) 逻辑关系词语过渡
① Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
 可是，据说他的书卖了5000万册左右，而且有十几种语言的版本。
② So he looked to those he most admired.
 因此他就指望他最崇拜的那些人。
③ But he kept trying, and after several attempts, he won.
 然而他一直尝试着，几次之后他终于成功了。
(4) 形容词过渡
It was the same thing with his brief acting career.
他的短暂的演员生涯结局同样如此。
10.第十遍阅读：撷取语言精华，摘录文章亮点
提高英语写作能力不是闭门造车，而是有赖于“三善”原则，即善于积累，善于模仿，善于借鉴。文章中的精彩表达不能让其成为过眼烟云，应努力据为己有，为我所用。文字亮点包括两个层面：其一，语言表达的铿锵有力、文采飞扬之处；其二，思想哲理的意味深长、耐人寻味之笔。
本文中的亮点不乏其例，从中我们既可以领悟到语言的强大魅力，也能够感受到思想内涵的无穷启迪。
(1) 语言表达层面
① If ever there were a sad sack who needed the keep-your-chin-up advice of Dale Carnegie, it was Dale Carnegie.
 如果曾经有人一事无成，需要戴尔?卡耐基的鼓励和忠告，那个人就是当初的戴尔?卡耐基。
② His failures often left him depressed.
 他屡遭失败，经常令他抑郁消沉。
③ Yet an estimated 50 million copies of his books have been sold in dozens of languages.
 可是，据说他的书卖了5000万册，而且有十几种语言的版本。
④ Those who could interact well succeeded more often than not, he noted.
 他注意到，善于交际的人往往会取得成功。
⑤ Every night, he had to give the same performance to a new bunch of strangers?and make it convincing.
 每天晚上，他都必须为一群素不相识的人表演同样的节目??并且使演出具有说服力。
(2) 思想哲理层面
① I realize now that healthy people don’t write books on health. It is the sick person who becomes interested in health. And in the same way, people who have a natural gift for diplomacy don’t write books on How to Win Friends and  Influence People. The reason I wrote the book was    because I have blundered so often myself, that I began to   study the subject for the good of my soul.
现在我认识到，身体健康的人不会写有关健康的书，只有疾病缠身的人才关注健康。同样地，天生善于为人处世的人不会写《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》这样的书。我之所以写这本书是因为我自己曾经饱受挫折，我开始研究这个课题是为了抚慰自己的心灵。
② Carnegie’s experience taught him that the only way to overcome fears was to confront them and not be discouraged by initial failures.
卡耐基的经历告诉他，克服恐惧的唯一方式是勇敢地面对恐惧，不要因为最初的失败而气馁。
③ Self-confidence, he reasoned, was the key not just in these pursuits but also in everything else.
他认为，自信不仅是这些事情、而且是所有其他事情的关键所在。
④ The way to develop self-confidence, he said, is to do the thing you fear to do and get a record of successful experiences behind you.
他说，培养自信的方式就是去做你不敢做的事情，然后积累成功经验。

书读十遍，层层挖掘，步步领悟，化消极被动为积极主动，变困苦迷惘为融会贯通，尽情领略英语阅读的趣味与魅力，充分品尝读有所获的甘甜和欣喜。英语学习的终极目标是学有所用。通过阅读这一有效途径，达到英语地道表达的理想境界，这就是英语十遍阅读法的精神。

在十遍阅读法之外，还应自建阅读词汇库，将每篇文章中陌生单词与词组汇集其中，附以注解释义，一段时间（如一个月）后翻看浏览，及时回顾复习。这种亲力亲为的做法其效果是单纯背诵词汇手册无可比拟的。这是一种扎实稳妥、行之有效的学习方法。现将例文中高中以上水平的词汇列出，作为示范。
单词部分
influence              vt. 影响
professionally  ad. 在职业方面
salesmanship   n. 销售，推销术；销售能力
flop   vi. 彻底失败
savings   n. 存款
crash    n. 暴跌；破产
depressed   a. 沮丧的，消沉的
fascinated  a. 着迷的
constantly   ad. 不断地
compile    vt. 编纂
classic    a. 经典的
intensely   ad. 极度地
estimate   vt. 估计
rely    vi. 依赖
diplomacy   n. 外交
purchase   vt. 购买
rumor   n. 传闻
magnate    n. 巨头
poverty    n. 贫困
shabby    a. 破旧的
tip    vt. 轻触
encounter   vt. 偶然遇到
prompt   vt. 促进，推动
adult    a. 成年人的
enthrall    vt. 迷住，吸引住
mettle   n. 才能；勇气
contest    n. 竞赛，比赛
confront   vt. 勇敢地面对
initial   a. 开始的，最初的
hog    n. 猪
convince   vt. 使信服，说服
brief    a. 短暂的
bunch    n. 群，伙
audience    n. 观众；听众；读者
hesitant   a. 不愿的，迟疑不决的
essence    n. 本质，实质
introduction   n. 序言
anecdote   n. 轶事，趣闻
volume    n. 卷，册
guru    a. 领袖；导师
career   n. 职业
journalism   n. 新闻工作
divorce    n. 离婚
stock    n. 股票
failure   n. 失败
suicidal   a. 想自杀的
self-confidence   n. 自信
reinforce   vt. 加强
observation   n. 观察
interact   vi. 交往
overcome   vt. 克服
thrive   vi. 兴旺，繁荣
quotation    n. 引文
blunder    vi. 犯大错误
rural    a. 农村的
related    a. 有亲缘关系的
grinding   a. 难以忍受的
painfully    ad. 令人不快地
down-home    a. 土里土气的
bestseller   n. 畅销书
religious    a. 宗教的
spiritual    a. 精神的
lecturer   n. 讲演者
livestock    n. 家畜，牲畜
debate    n. 辩论
confidence   n. 信心
discourage   vt. 使灰心，使泄气
correspondence    n. 通信，通信联系
lard    n. 猪油
stuff    n. 东西，物品
performance   n. 表演
convincing   a.令人信服的,有说服力的
pursuit   n. 职业，事务
commission    n. 佣金
original   a. 起初的
evolve    vi. 发展，逐步形成
aphorism    n. 格言，警句

词组部分
sad sack    不中用的人
keep one’s chin up    不气馁，不灰心
look to    指望，依靠
for fear    生怕，以免
hold forth    （当众）滔滔不绝地讲
pull in    获得（利益、报酬等）
（二）、英语写作十字真经
通过阅读的途径，我们可以储备语言知识，积累表达技能，从而熟练驾御英语，突破英语写作，实现文字表达的灵活多样。Variety is the spice of writing.(写作富于变化才会妙笔生花。）所谓变化，一是避免相同的文字在文章中的反复使用，二是避开庸俗老套的语言，追求富有新意、充满活力的表达。表达的变化可以从词汇和句法两个方面把握。
1. 词汇的丰富多彩
英语词汇讲究生动，富于变化。如果在文中需要不止一次表达同一概念，应使用各种同义词以达到殊途同归的目的。如表达“得到一份职位”，可以相继使用find，win，accept，land，secure等动词和position搭配。再如，动词advance，produce，propose，come up with, put forward等皆可以和plan搭配，表达“提出计划”。追求词汇的灵活多样还要注意少用万能单词，而代之以具体词汇。下面仅以make的滥用为例，说明英语学习者应充分发挥语言表达的潜力：
① Robert’s shyness made him unable to respond properly before Mary. （原句）
 Robert’s shyness paralyzed him before Mary.（改进后）
 罗伯特腼腆羞怯，在玛丽面前说起话来吞吞吐吐。
② The incident made me recall one of my past experiences.   （原句）
  The incident reminded me about one of my past experiences. （改进后）
   这个事件令我想起过去的一次经历。
③ The boom in tourism made the small border town suddenly prosperous. （原句）
 The boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the small border town. （改进后）
 旅游业的兴旺使这个边陲小镇突然繁荣起来。
④ This makes me conclude that money doesn’t mean everything. （原句）
 This leads me to the conclusion that money doesn’t mean everything. （改进后）
 由此我得出结论，金钱并不意味着一切。
⑤ The program makes me know a lot about foreign countries.   （原句）
 The program informs me on a lot about foreign countries.   （改进后）
 这个节目使我了解到许多国外的事情。
2. 句法的变化
中国的英语学习者写英文句子时习惯于用指人的名词开头，导致句子在形式上千人一面、缺少变化。正如在前面“英语十遍阅读法”中所讲，英语句子的开头方式应不拘一格。追求句法方面的多样化，关键在于学会用灵活的方式开头。我们可以通过比较下列几组句子的优劣来体会英语句法的变化：
① He says one thing but does another. （原句）
  What he does is not consistent with what he says.（改进后）
 他言行不一。
② He still keeps thinking of the hunger he suffered in his childhood. （原句）
 The memory of hunger in his childhood still haunts him.  （改进后）
 儿时忍饥挨饿的回忆仍萦绕在他心头。
③ We know very little about the nature of human beings.（原句）
  Little is known about the nature of human beings.      （改进后）
 我们对人性知之甚少。
④ Many people think birth control is essential in China.（原句）
  It is widely held that birth control is essential in China.    （改进后）
 人们普遍认为，在中国实行计划生育非常必要。
⑤ More and more people are aware that women should enjoy   full equality with men. （原句）
There is a growing awareness that women should enjoy full equality with men. （改进后）
越来越多的人认识到，妇女应该和男人完全平等。

英语的书面表达一直就是英语学习的瓶颈。在此，我向各位学习者提供突破英语写作的十字建议，即研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿，概括出培养写作能力的五个方面，如能严格遵循，定能柳暗花明。
1.研习
“没有规矩，不成方圆。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里；二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。
2.背诵
背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中(commit the highlights to memory)，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择地背诵，是有意义地记忆，因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。
(1) 重点词汇
美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：
emotional strength 情感的力量
the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感
no thought of gain不计得失
the lamp of love爱心之灯
help the victims of natural disasters援助受害者
donate whatever they can倾囊相助
help their needy fellow citizens帮助有需要的同胞
be ready to give a helping hand随时准备伸出援手

范文：
When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can?be it money or goods?to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。
说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助??不管是钱还是物??帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。
我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。
(2)常用套语
套语指流行的公式化语言，在写作中适当使用颇有必要。如在商业信函结尾，期望对方早日回复的表达方式就要遵循套语的基本模式，使表达规范得体。例如：
Kindly favor us with an early reply.
请早日赐复。
Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated.
如能及时回复，将不胜感谢。
We look forward to hearing from you soon.
盼早日回复。
We are expecting your prompt reply and thank you.
急盼回复，谢谢。
Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly.
请早日回信。
Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience.
请在您方便时尽早赐函。
We would appreciate it if you could respond right away.
如能即刻回复，将不胜感谢。

当前流行应试写作模板，即套语的使用贯穿文章始终，为考生提供万能公式型的文章主架，每句表达皆由固定套语框定，考生只要背下套用句型、过渡词语，在考试中根据特定考题填充具体内容。这种应试策略使写出的文章矫揉造作，生硬刻板，虽可以让考生及格过关，但绝对得不到高分。套语的过多使用不妨可以比作大海中的救生圈，有了它，仅仅可以让不擅游泳者保全性命，却无法自在畅游，一展泳姿。一般而言，套语较为空洞，如使用过多，文章容易流于空泛，言之无物。写作宜虚实结合，形式与内容相统一。下面是一篇比较在家学习与入校读书谁优谁劣的范文，文中巧妙地使用了一些固定句式和过渡词语，不仅增强了表达效果，而且实现了形式与内容的统一。
There are two major arguments that can be made for studying at home. First, as advances in the electronic media have brought the whole world of scholarship into the home via the Internet and educational courses on TV, the classroom is no longer the only place for acquiring knowledge. Second, it is widely held that a person studies better in the familiar surroundings of his own home and when he can arrange his own study time.

But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to studying in the classroom, too. Being surrounded by people of roughly the same abilities and interests can be a great stimulus to acquiring knowledge, whereas studying in solitude at home is boring for many people. More importantly, there can be no substitute for a good teacher, who must not only be able to impart facts and theories, but also to appraise and encourage his students.

Given the choice between these two methods of learning, I prefer  the classroom. This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on study in the midst of household chores, and disturbances from visitors and telephone calls. The classroom environments, I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of acquiring knowledge.
关于在家学习，我们可以提出两个主要论点。第一，由于电子媒体方面取得的进步把整个世界的知识通过互联网和电视上的教育课程带入了家庭，教室不再是惟一获取知识的场所。第二，人们普遍认为，在自己家里这样熟悉的环境中，并且能自己安排学习时间，一个人能学得更好。
但是，我们不能忽视在教室里学习也有好处这一事实。周围都是能力相近和兴趣相投的人可能会对获取知识形成巨大的刺激，而对很多人来说，独自一人在家学习会有些枯燥乏味。更重要的是，没有什么可以替代一个好老师，他不仅能够传道授业，而且能够评估并鼓励学生。
如果在两种学习方法中选择，我更喜欢在教室里学习，因为我是那种很难在家务琐事、客人、电话的打扰下集中注意力学习的人。我认为大多数人只有在教室里才能把全部精力放在获取知识这件十分重要的工作上。
(3)精彩句子
精彩句子指文章中句式优美、蕴含哲理的句子。精彩句子的背诵有助于写作时的引用和模仿。如在阅读美国前总统肯尼迪（John F. Kennedy）的就职演说（Inaugural Address）时，可以记住诸如 Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. （不要问国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为国家做什么。）这样的传世佳句，当你写关于爱国(patriotism)主题的作文时，则可以适时引用。现仍以上面谈“爱心”的文章为例，其中值得背诵的句子为数不少，摘录如下：
① Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes.
 爱心是情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。
② People all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can?be it money or goods?to help their needy fellow citizens.
 全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助??不管是钱还是物??帮助那些有需要的同胞。
③ The best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are.
 表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。
④ The darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
 悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。
(4)优秀段落
阅读时，我们经常会碰到一些过目难忘的段落。这些段落或者表达流畅、文笔优美，或者逻辑缜密、结构严谨。根据表达需要，有不同的功能段落，如现象说明段、观点陈述段、原因列举段、利弊解释段、结论归纳段、趋势预测段、措施建议段等。有些优秀段落可以作为写作的功能段落加以背诵，对于我们拓展思路、规范行文大有裨益。在背诵过程中，熟练掌握各种功能段落的行文规则，自己在表达时就能驾轻就熟。下面仅举观点陈述段和措施建议段各一例。
观点陈述段（陈述“民族文化应该成为世界文化”的观点）：
A culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial for all mankind. Since China has opened its doors widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will come to accept and love Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be shared generously with foreign people, who show great interest in it. Meanwhile, as more and more foreigners come to China, they bring aspects of their own culture to share with the Chinese people. In this way, people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding of each other and live peacefully together.
一个国家的文化可能成为世界文化，这对全人类都有益。由于中国已经向外界敞开了国门，许多来自不同国家的人都希望来看一看中国。他们会开始接受并喜欢整个中国文化，中国文化应该大大方方地让感兴趣的外国人分享。与此同时，随着来中国的外国人越来越多，他们也把他们自己的文化带给了中国人。这样，世界各国的人们就能够更好地相互理解、和平相处。
措施建议段（建议“人口老龄化”的解决措施）：
 The rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. No doubt, the key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance shall be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What’s more, family care and community services shall also be encouraged.
人口老龄化的加速使采取应对措施变得更为紧迫。毫无疑问，解决问题的关键是建立稳固的经济基础。与此同时，应该重视整体的社会进步，改变社会保障、福利和服务的落后局面。除此之外，应该鼓励家庭照料和社区服务。
(5)经典篇章　
 古往今来，英语宝库中涌现出大批经典佳作，如林肯的“葛底斯堡演说” (The Gettysburg Address)，福克纳的诺贝尔文学奖获奖演说（Banquet Speech）,　海伦?凯勒的《给我三天光明》 (Three Days to See)。这些文章在文字的运用上技法高超，在思想内涵上寓意深刻，读来字字珠玑，文字优美，启迪心智，含义隽永(full of exquisite words and truth, satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart)。这样的文章如不能熟读成诵，则无法融会贯通。背诵一定数量的经典名篇既有助于提高自己遣词造句的能力，也有助于加强自己表达思想的深度。下面的一篇短文是英国哲学家罗素(Bertrand Russell)自传的序言部分，题为What I Have Lived for（我的人生追求），概述了作者一生追求的三种理想，文章在语言和思想两个方面都堪称经典，值得背诵。

What I Have Lived for
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy?ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness?that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what?at last?I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people?a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I can’t, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

我的人生追求
有三种简单然而无比强烈的激情左右了我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的探索和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像飓风，无处不在、反复无常地吹拂着我，吹过深重的苦海，濒于绝境。
我寻找爱，首先是因为它使人心醉神迷，这种陶醉是如此的美妙，使我愿意牺牲所有的余生去换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱，还因为它解除孤独，在可怕的孤独中，一颗颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘看到冰冷、无底、死寂的深渊。最后，我寻找爱，还因为在爱的交融中，神秘而又具体而微地，我看到了圣贤和诗人们想象出的天堂的前景。这就是我所寻找的，而且，虽然对人生来说似乎过于美妙，这也是我终于找到了的。
以同样的激情我探索知识。我希望能够理解人类的心灵。我希望能够知道群星为何闪烁。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯所景仰的数字力量，它支配着此消彼涨。仅在不大的一定程度上，我达到了此目的。
爱和知识，只要有可能，通向着天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦呼喊的回声回荡在我的内心。忍饥挨饿的孩子，惨遭压迫者摧残的受害者，被儿女们视为可憎负担的无助的老人，连同这整个充满了孤独、贫穷和痛苦的世界，使人类所应有的生活成为了笑柄。我渴望能够减少邪恶，但是我无能为力，而且我自己也在忍受折磨。
这就是我的一生。我发现它值得一过。如果再给我一次机会，我会很高兴地再活它一次。（方舟子译）
3. 默写
默写也是提高写作的一个重要环节，即把背熟的东西付诸纸端。这个过程不仅是为了检验自己的记忆效果，更为重要的是训练正确的书面表达能力。在英语学习中，我们少有机会动笔写英文，长期以来，手笔生疏，导致提笔即错。再者，由于受汉语思维和习惯的种种影响，在潜意识里容易犯一些英语表达错误。普遍存在的语言错误包括主谓一致、时态处理、冠词用法、名词单复数形式、单词拼写等，尤其在单词拼写方面，很多人混淆词性，把society, economy, difficulty写成social, economic, difficult；再如字母位置错误，将true, tired, modern写作ture, tried, morden。这些看似微妙的错误如果不加以有意识的克服，可能会发展为根深蒂固的习惯，成为写作中的重大弊病。通过默写，写出曾经记诵过的段落字句，之后自我查验、批改，发现并纠正在动笔中的错误，可以有效克服自己潜意识中的英文错误，提高实际写作时的熟练和准确程度。
4. 互译
能够在英汉两种语言之间自如转换是英语学习的一个最高境界。尝试英汉互译，即把英语文章翻译成地道汉语，间隔数日再将汉语翻译回英文。英文和汉语在表情达意方面存在着诸多差异，可惜学习者往往观察不足，领悟不深。通过互译训练，比较异同，可以强化我们对两种语言之间差异的认知，可以加强英语表达能力。在复原成英文的过程中，词汇表达、句式结构、段落组织、篇章布局等各个方面、多个角度都得到复习。同时，可以有效避免中国式英语在作文中的出现。中式英语在书面表达中屡见不鲜，根源在于学习者受到汉语表达和中式思维的制约。英汉互译有助于冲破两种语言习惯的壁垒，有助于超越两种语言思维的障碍，有助于思维与表达取得和谐的统一，有助于将中文的思想地道流畅地传达为英语语言。互译的实质在于巧妙地借翻译手段促进英语的创作性表达。
5.模仿
在自己写文章时，应有意识地调用以前的积累，正向迁移，融入自己的写作，包括语言表达、文章章法、写作技巧等，最终达到学以致用的目的。如果记忆中有像 Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. （不是我爱凯撒浅，而是我爱罗马深。）这样的经典名句，当写作有关英语学习的文章时不妨模仿这个句式: Not that we can’t master English, but that we have not been willing to take pains.（不是我们不能掌握英语，而是我们不愿付出努力。） 正如学好书法常要描红，学好绘画常须描摹，写好文章则需要模仿。Beauty imitated is beauty recreated.（模仿美就是创造美。） 赋予经典的表达以新的内涵，这也是一种创新。模仿他人目的在于提高自己。模仿与借鉴为写作所必须。总之，Good writing favors the prepared mind.（好的写作总是照顾那些有准备的人。）
英语写作能力的真正提高有赖于上述概括为“十字”的五大策略，望朋友们勤之勉之，将其融入自己的学习实践，打下坚实的语言基础，真正实现从阅读到写作的飞跃，达到英语读写能力的完美统一。逐步积累，有所准备，需要之时就可以手到擒来，应对自如，使英文写作成为自身的一项技能。